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From Dial-Up to Fiber: The Evolution of Internet Access and the Role of Hybrid Networks

Steve Shillingsburg : Aug 19, 2024

Fiber internet

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For many, the concept of the internet seems straightforward: we can simply reach into our pockets and access a vast wealth of information within seconds. But how did we get here? The origins of the Internet can be traced back to the 1960s, with the first prototype emerging through ARPANET, a network developed by ARPA (the Advanced Research Projects Agency), a division of the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET was one of the first efforts to utilize the TCP/IP protocol suite, which became a cornerstone for the birth of the internet. However, it would take over 20 years before the internet was viewed as anything more than a means of government communication. It wasn’t until the late 1980s that the first Internet Service Provider (ISP) was established, and commercial use was approved in the early 1990s.

By the mid-90s, remaining restrictions on commercial traffic were lifted, leading to a surge in internet use. The public telephone network had flourished, and most homes in North America had access to a landline, which became the method for internet access over the next few years. Dial-up internet access utilized audio communication to relay traffic, similar to how you’d use the phone. A modem would convert digital data from your computer into an audio signal, send it to a receiving modem, which would then convert it back into digital data. This process was slow, with a maximum transfer speed of 56Kbps, but it was sufficient for the simpler internet needs of that time.

In the 2000s, broadband internet began to replace dial-up. This allowed higher volumes of data to be transferred more quickly using connections like DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Cable Internet Access, and Satellite Internet Access. Each option had its limitations:

DSL: Required proximity (within 3 miles) to a DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer), making it difficult to service rural areas.

Cable: Could transmit data further than DSL but prioritized metropolitan and suburban areas due to new infrastructure requirements, leaving many rural households without access.

Satellite: Dependent on geostationary satellites, resulting in poor latency, limited speed, and susceptibility to weather disruptions.

Rural customers faced significant challenges, leading to the development of Fixed Wireless Networks. The core of a Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) is connected to an Internet exchange point via a fiber circuit. From there, internet access is transmitted through directional radio antennas on elevated platforms like radio towers, tall buildings, and water towers. These antennas are finely tuned to each other to ensure high availability and efficiency. With proper planning, WISPs can compete with traditional cable ISPs.

Multiple tower sites can be connected through wireless backhauls, forming a daisy-chained service area. These connections link to local switches or routers, which then lead to further wireless connections or additional wireless backhauls. This setup can include backup links to ensure reliability if one link fails.

With advancements in fiber technology, WISPs are adopting hybrid network models that combine fiber and wireless. Fiber can eliminate bottlenecks and improve reliability, which is vital for supporting a growing customer base. While the initial cost of deploying fiber is high, it offers unmatched scalability and reliability compared to wireless links, which are limited by spectrum availability.

Customers demand fast and reliable internet, unaware or unconcerned about the deployment costs. Reliability issues arise not only from outages but also from speed drops below acceptable thresholds. As internet use and required speeds increase, especially with services like 4K/Ultra HD streaming, a hybrid fiber-wireless solution can offer rural customers faster and more reliable internet.

Sonar plays an integral role in this solution. It provides a one-stop platform for billing, network monitoring, and managing external devices. The Sonar Poller, an open-source application, allows tracking of SNMP and ICMP, enabling support staff to view device statistics and handle trouble tickets from the same platform.

For ISPs with existing monitoring systems like Preseem, Sonar integration allows querying data on accounts, plans, and network sites. This facilitates measuring QoE metrics and automatically pulling data between services.

By adopting a hybrid approach, ISPs can leverage the speed of fiber and fixed wireless to enhance network operations and connect underserved communities. To learn more about how Sonar can benefit your network, contact us or schedule a demo!